{"id":4719,"date":"2026-08-08T13:15:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-08T13:15:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/?p=4719"},"modified":"2026-09-08T20:36:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T20:36:21","slug":"bluebell-index-validates-dynex-qchp-canopy-height-model","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/br\/bluebell-index-validates-dynex-qchp-canopy-height-model\/","title":{"rendered":"Bluebell Index validates Dynex QCHP canopy-height model"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4719\" class=\"elementor elementor-4719\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bb618c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bb618c4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8242f12\" data-id=\"8242f12\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f51af9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f51af9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53eea843 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53eea843\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-55bb499b\" data-id=\"55bb499b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;slideshow&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_gallery&quot;:[],&quot;background_slideshow_loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_slide_duration&quot;:5000,&quot;background_slideshow_slide_transition&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_transition_duration&quot;:500}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-647de74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"647de74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br><br>Bluebell Index validates Dynex QCHP canopy-height model<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e062f80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e062f80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Independent assessment across five validation sites highlights the operational potential, scalability and spatial coverage of Dynex QCHP for forward-looking forest canopy-height monitoring.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6db203 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f6db203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"678\" src=\"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Cerrado-projeto-4-1024x678.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4076\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Cerrado-projeto-4-1024x678.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Cerrado-projeto-4-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Cerrado-projeto-4-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Cerrado-projeto-4-1536x1017.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Cerrado-projeto-4-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Cerrado-projeto-4-24x16.jpg 24w, https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Cerrado-projeto-4-36x24.jpg 36w, https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Cerrado-projeto-4-48x32.jpg 48w, https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Cerrado-projeto-4.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f77172e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f77172e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-section-id=\"1g5ivqx\" data-start=\"1270\" data-end=\"1366\">Bluebell Index completes independent validation of Dynex QCHP canopy-height prediction model<\/h3><p data-start=\"1368\" data-end=\"1747\">Bluebell Index has completed an independent assessment of the <strong data-start=\"1430\" data-end=\"1485\">Dynex QCHP (Quantum Canopy Height Prediction) model<\/strong>, evaluating its performance across five geographic validation sites and comparing its outputs with historical canopy-height information derived from the <strong data-start=\"1639\" data-end=\"1708\">ETH Global Canopy Height 2020 dataset through Google Earth Engine<\/strong>.<\/p><p data-start=\"1749\" data-end=\"1911\">The assessment examined predicted mean canopy height, spatial prediction coverage, historical reference support and consistency with recent land-cover conditions.<\/p><p data-start=\"1913\" data-end=\"2224\">Unlike conventional canopy-height products that represent vegetation conditions at a fixed historical point in time, Dynex QCHP is designed as a <strong data-start=\"2058\" data-end=\"2095\">forward-looking prediction system<\/strong>, incorporating temporal information to estimate future changes in forest canopy structure.<\/p><h3 data-section-id=\"mhzp4l\" data-start=\"2226\" data-end=\"2260\">Strong operational performance<\/h3><p data-start=\"2262\" data-end=\"2416\">Across the five-site assessment, Dynex QCHP demonstrated significant operational advantages compared with conventional canopy-height assessment workflows.<\/p><p data-start=\"2418\" data-end=\"2491\">According to the validation study, the solution delivered the assessment:<\/p><ul data-start=\"2493\" data-end=\"2816\"><li data-section-id=\"1cjhu1r\" data-start=\"2493\" data-end=\"2562\">approximately <strong data-start=\"2509\" data-end=\"2522\">5\u00d7 faster<\/strong> than the equivalent classical workflow;<\/li><li data-section-id=\"3808fh\" data-start=\"2563\" data-end=\"2624\">at approximately <strong data-start=\"2582\" data-end=\"2623\">90% lower delivery cost per unit area<\/strong>;<\/li><li data-section-id=\"woauat\" data-start=\"2625\" data-end=\"2697\">completing the five-site assessment in approximately <strong data-start=\"2680\" data-end=\"2696\">three months<\/strong>;<\/li><li data-section-id=\"by73tq\" data-start=\"2698\" data-end=\"2816\">with a mean prediction coverage of <strong data-start=\"2735\" data-end=\"2745\">85.62%<\/strong> across the validation programme.<\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"2818\" data-end=\"3109\">Prediction coverage exceeded <strong data-start=\"2847\" data-end=\"2892\">99% at three of the five validation sites<\/strong>, demonstrating the ability of the system to generate spatially extensive canopy-height assessments while explicitly reporting where sufficient prediction confidence is available.<\/p><h3 data-section-id=\"suxjax\" data-start=\"3111\" data-end=\"3148\">Comparing canopy-height estimates<\/h3><p data-start=\"3150\" data-end=\"3303\">The validation compared Dynex QCHP predictions with historical canopy-height statistics derived from the ETH Global Canopy Height 2020 reference dataset.<\/p><p data-start=\"3305\" data-end=\"3367\">Two sites showed particularly close site-level mean agreement:<\/p><p data-start=\"3369\" data-end=\"3379\"><strong data-start=\"3369\" data-end=\"3379\">Site 3<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"relative w-full mt-4 mb-1\"><div class=\"\"><div class=\"contents\"><div class=\"relative\"><div class=\"h-full min-h-0 min-w-0\"><div class=\"h-full min-h-0 min-w-0\"><div class=\"border border-token-border-light border-radius-3xl corner-superellipse\/1.1 rounded-3xl\"><div class=\"h-full w-full border-radius-3xl bg-(--code-block-surface) corner-superellipse\/1.1 overflow-clip rounded-3xl [--code-block-surface:var(--bg-elevated-secondary)] dark:[--code-block-surface:var(--composer-surface-primary)] lxnfua_clipPathFallback\"><div class=\"pointer-events-none absolute end-1.5 top-1 z-2 md:end-2 md:top-1\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"relative\"><div class=\"pe-11 pt-3\"><div class=\"relative z-0 flex max-w-full\"><div id=\"code-block-viewer\" class=\"q9tKkq_viewer cm-editor z-10 light:cm-light dark:cm-light flex h-full w-full flex-col items-stretch \u037cs \u037c16\" dir=\"ltr\"><div class=\"cm-scroller\"><pre class=\"cm-content q9tKkq_readonly m-0\"><code>Historical reference: 10.69 m\nDynex QCHP:           12.92 m\nDifference:           +2.23 m\nCoverage:              99.97%<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"\"><div class=\"\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><p data-start=\"3514\" data-end=\"3524\"><strong data-start=\"3514\" data-end=\"3524\">Site 5<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"relative w-full mt-4 mb-1\"><div class=\"\"><div class=\"contents\"><div class=\"relative\"><div class=\"h-full min-h-0 min-w-0\"><div class=\"h-full min-h-0 min-w-0\"><div class=\"border border-token-border-light border-radius-3xl corner-superellipse\/1.1 rounded-3xl\"><div class=\"h-full w-full border-radius-3xl bg-(--code-block-surface) corner-superellipse\/1.1 overflow-clip rounded-3xl [--code-block-surface:var(--bg-elevated-secondary)] dark:[--code-block-surface:var(--composer-surface-primary)] lxnfua_clipPathFallback\"><div class=\"pointer-events-none absolute end-1.5 top-1 z-2 md:end-2 md:top-1\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"relative\"><div class=\"pe-11 pt-3\"><div class=\"relative z-0 flex max-w-full\"><div id=\"code-block-viewer\" class=\"q9tKkq_viewer cm-editor z-10 light:cm-light dark:cm-light flex h-full w-full flex-col items-stretch \u037cs \u037c16\" dir=\"ltr\"><div class=\"cm-scroller\"><pre class=\"cm-content q9tKkq_readonly m-0\"><code>Historical reference: 9.05 m\nDynex QCHP:            6.74 m\nDifference:            -2.31 m\nCoverage:              99.69%<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"\"><div class=\"\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><p data-start=\"3659\" data-end=\"3810\">These sites combined high spatial prediction coverage with comparatively small differences in mean canopy height.<\/p><h3 data-section-id=\"dczgcl\" data-start=\"3812\" data-end=\"3873\">Detecting change rather than reproducing a historical map<\/h3><p data-start=\"3875\" data-end=\"4048\">One important aspect of the study was the ability to distinguish between differences caused by model behaviour and differences that may reflect actual changes in land cover.<\/p><p data-start=\"4050\" data-end=\"4272\">At Site 4, the historical reference indicated a mean canopy height of <strong data-start=\"4120\" data-end=\"4130\">4.17 m<\/strong>, while Dynex QCHP predicted <strong data-start=\"4159\" data-end=\"4169\">0.66 m<\/strong>. Recent imagery reviewed during the assessment was consistent with cleared or agricultural conditions.<\/p><p data-start=\"4274\" data-end=\"4513\">This illustrates an important characteristic of forward-looking environmental monitoring: a model should respond to real changes in vegetation rather than simply reproduce a historical reference layer.<\/p><h3 data-section-id=\"1twpdzz\" data-start=\"4515\" data-end=\"4552\">Toward scalable forest monitoring<\/h3><p data-start=\"4554\" data-end=\"4629\">The operational implications extend beyond canopy-height estimation itself.<\/p><p data-start=\"4631\" data-end=\"4825\">Lower processing costs and shorter assessment cycles could allow canopy monitoring to move from occasional surveys toward a <strong data-start=\"4755\" data-end=\"4791\">repeatable monitoring capability<\/strong>, supporting applications such as:<\/p><ul data-start=\"4827\" data-end=\"5077\"><li data-section-id=\"1slbtmx\" data-start=\"4827\" data-end=\"4852\">forest asset valuation;<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1uo5p9x\" data-start=\"4853\" data-end=\"4885\">biomass and carbon assessment;<\/li><li data-section-id=\"11uuscg\" data-start=\"4886\" data-end=\"4912\">biodiversity monitoring;<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1jchke6\" data-start=\"4913\" data-end=\"4955\">deforestation and degradation detection;<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1wezhfj\" data-start=\"4956\" data-end=\"4990\">ESG and environmental reporting;<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1lzl9b7\" data-start=\"4991\" data-end=\"5077\">portfolio-scale environmental risk monitoring.<\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"5079\" data-end=\"5337\">The validation concluded that the combination of speed, cost efficiency, explicit coverage reporting and scalability makes the approach particularly relevant for <strong data-start=\"5241\" data-end=\"5298\">large-area and recurring forest-monitoring programmes<\/strong>.<\/p><h3 data-section-id=\"1rxqdwq\" data-start=\"5339\" data-end=\"5384\">An important methodological consideration<\/h3><p data-start=\"5386\" data-end=\"5473\">The validation also identified an important limitation of the available reference data.<\/p><p data-start=\"5475\" data-end=\"5648\">The ETH Global Canopy Height dataset represents vegetation conditions primarily from <strong data-start=\"5560\" data-end=\"5573\">2019\u20132020<\/strong>, while the Dynex QCHP prediction target was approximately <strong data-start=\"5632\" data-end=\"5647\">August 2026<\/strong>.<\/p><p data-start=\"5650\" data-end=\"5785\">For this reason, differences between the two datasets were treated as <strong data-start=\"5720\" data-end=\"5784\">descriptive comparisons rather than direct prediction errors<\/strong>.<\/p><p data-start=\"5787\" data-end=\"6068\">Formal metrics such as RMSE, MAE, bias and R\u00b2 were intentionally deferred until a future validation phase using temporally aligned independent measurements, such as airborne LiDAR, recent GEDI or ICESat-2 observations, or field measurements.<\/p><h3 data-section-id=\"tqpk9s\" data-start=\"6070\" data-end=\"6084\">Next steps<\/h3><p data-start=\"6086\" data-end=\"6249\">The validation recommends expanding future assessments using contemporaneous independent reference data and instrumented benchmarking of processing time and costs.<\/p><p data-start=\"6251\" data-end=\"6513\">Such work would complement the operational evidence already observed and enable formal predictive-accuracy statistics to be established alongside the demonstrated scalability and efficiency characteristics of the platform.<\/p><p data-start=\"6251\" data-end=\"6513\">\u00a0<\/p><h2>Download the full validation report<\/h2><p>The complete independent validation report provides additional information on the methodology, validation sites, canopy-height comparisons, prediction coverage, operational performance and recommendations for future validation.<\/p><p><strong>Download the full Bluebell Index \u2013 Dynex QCHP Validation Report (PDF)<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d81a28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8d81a28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/DYNEX_ValidationReport_Bluebell-1.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download the full validation report<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ae94c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ae94c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;<\/h3><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Quer receber mais not\u00edcias e tend\u00eancias sobre agricultura regenerativa e ativos ambientais? Siga-nos no <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/bluebell-index\/\">Linkedin<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/bluebell_index\/\">Instagram<\/a>.<\/h3><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bluebell Index validates Dynex QCHP canopy-height model Independent assessment across five validation sites highlights the operational potential, scalability and spatial coverage of Dynex QCHP for forward-looking forest canopy-height monitoring. Bluebell Index completes independent validation of Dynex QCHP canopy-height prediction model Bluebell Index has completed an independent assessment of the Dynex QCHP (Quantum Canopy Height Prediction) [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4076,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[19,20,101],"class_list":["post-4719","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-trends","tag-bluebell","tag-bluebell-index","tag-dynex"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4719","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4719"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4719\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4769,"href":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4719\/revisions\/4769"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4076"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4719"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4719"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bluebellindex.com\/br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4719"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}